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Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology > Accepted Articles
doi: https://doi.org/10.21053/ceo.2024.00286    [Accepted]
Reprogramming Macrophage Phenotypes with Photobiomodulation for Enhanced Inflammation Control in ENT Organ Tissues
Ken Woo1 , Yeon Soo Kim2 , Celine Abueva3 , Seunghoon Woo4
1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles
2Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Beckman Laser Institute, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck surgery, Dankook University School of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
Correspondence  Seunghoon Woo ,Tel: (055) 750-8173, Fax: (055) 759-0613, Email: lesaby@hanmail.net
Received: September 21, 2024; Revised: December 11, 2024   Accepted: December 18, 2024.  Published online: December 19, 2024.
*Ken Woo and Yeon Soo Kim contributed equally to this work.
ABSTRACT
Photobiomodulation (PBM), a noninvasive phototherapy using wavelengths ranging between red and near-infrared light, has emerged as a promising approach for controlling inflammation by modulating macrophage polarization. This review investigates the therapeutic potential of PBM in treating ear, neck, and throat (ENT)-specific inflammatory conditions, such as chronic rhinosinusitis and otitis media, focusing on its effects on macrophage phenotypes and evidence from preclinical studies. By promoting mitochondrial activity, increasing ATP production, and modulating reactive oxygen species, PBM has been shown to shift macrophages from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Studies demonstrate that PBM enhances tissue repair, reduces inflammatory markers, and promotes wound healing. Moreover, PBM facilitates the polarization of M2 macrophages, a crucial factor in resolving mucosal inflammation in the nasal, pharyngeal, and middle ear cavities, and restoring tissue homeostasis. The antiinflammatory effects of PBM are attributed to its ability to influence several molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation regulation, particularly in ENT organ tissues, where recurrent inflammation can lead to chronic conditions such as otitis media or sinusitis. Furthermore, this review compares PBM to competing methods for reprogramming macrophages and treating inflammation, highlighting PBM's advantages of minimal toxicity, simplicity, and precision in controlling ENT immune responses.
Keywords: Photobiomodulation, Macrophage polarization, Inflammation control, M1/M2 macrophages, ENT organ tissues
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